The Temple of Artemis

The Temple of Artemis (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον, or Artemision), also known less precisely as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was located in Ephesus (near the modern town of Selçuk in present-day Turkey), and was completely rebuilt three times before its eventual destruction in 401.[1] Only foundations and sculptural fragments of the latest of the temples at the site remain.

The first sanctuary (temenos) antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, and dates to the Bronze Age. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed it to the Amazons. In the 7th century BC, the old temple was destroyed by a flood. Its reconstruction began around 550 BC, under the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes, at the expense of Croesus of Lydia: the project took 10 years to complete, only to be destroyed in an act of arson by Herostratus. It was later rebuilt.

Antipater of Sidon, who compiled the list of the Seven Wonders, describes the finished temple:
I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the colossus of the Sun, and the huge labour of the high pyramids, and the vast tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, "Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand".[2] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis

The Greek Parthenon

The Parthenon (Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the maiden goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron deity. Its construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy, western civilization[3] and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[4]

The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. The temple is archaeoastronomically aligned to the Hyades.[5] Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury. For a time, it also served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. In the 5th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

After the Ottoman conquest, it was turned into a mosque in the early 1460s. On 26 September 1687, an Ottoman ammunition dump inside the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon and its sculptures. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the surviving sculptures, with the permission of the Ottoman Empire. These sculptures, now known as the Elgin Marbles or the Parthenon Marbles, were sold in 1816 to the British Museum in London, where they are now displayed. Since 1983 (on the initiative of Culture Minister Melina Mercouri), the Greek government has been committed to the return of the sculptures to Greece.[6] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon

The Roman Pantheon

The Pantheon (/ˈpænθiən/ or US /ˈpænθiɒn/;[1] Latin: Pantheon,[nb 1] [pantʰewn] from Greek: Πάνθεον [ἱερόν], an adjective understood as "[temple consecrated] to all gods") is a building in Rome, Italy, commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus as a temple to all the gods of ancient Rome, and rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian about 126 AD.[2]

The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.[3] The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft).[4]

It is one of the best-preserved of all Roman buildings. It has been in continuous use throughout its history, and since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Roman Catholic church dedicated to "St. Mary and the Martyrs" but informally known as "Santa Maria della Rotonda."[5] The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome

U.S. Capitol Building

The god Mars is found on the entrance to the U.S. Capitol Building.

The U.S. Supreme Court Building

The Supreme Court Building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States. Built in 1935, it is situated in Washington, D.C. at 1 First Street, NE, on the block immediately east of the United States Capitol. The building is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol. On May 4, 1987, the Supreme Court Building was designated a National Historic Landmark.[1][2] It is one of a handful of National Historic Landmarks which are not listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court_Building

The U.S. Supreme Court Building was modeled after the Temple of Artemis.

The Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. across from the Washington Monument. The architect was Henry Bacon, the sculptor of the primary statue – Abraham Lincoln, 1920 – was Daniel Chester French, and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several monuments built to honor an American president.

The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a large seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-known speeches by Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural Address. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered on August 28, 1963 during the rally at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Like other monuments on the National Mall – including the nearby Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and National World War II Memorial – the memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15, 1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day. In 2007, it was ranked seventh on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_memorial

The Lincoln Memorial was modeled after the Greek Parthenon.

The Jefferson Memorial

The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D.C. dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, an American Founding Father and the third President of the United States. The neoclassical building was designed by the architect John Russell Pope and built by the Philadelphia contractor John McShain. Construction of the building began in 1939 and was completed in 1943. The bronze statue of Jefferson was added in 1947. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jefferson_Memorial

The Jefferson Memorial was modeled after the Roman Pantheon.

Washington Enthroned

George Washington (1840) is a massive sculpture by Horatio Greenough commissioned for the centennial of U.S President George Washington's birth in February 22, 1732.


Description

Horatio Greenough based “Enthroned Washington” on Phidias' great statue of Zeus Olympios which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (and which was destroyed in late Antiquity).

The seated and sandal wearing Washington gazes sternly ahead. He is bare-chested and his right arm and hand gesture with upraised index finger toward heaven. His left palm and forearm cradle a sheathed sword, hilt forward, symbolizing Washington turning over power to the people at the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War.

The rear base of the statue has an inscription, as follows:

SIMULACRUM ISTUD
AD MAGNUM LIBERTATIS EXEMPLUM
NEC SINE IPSA DURATURUM
HORATIUS GREENOUGH
FACIEBAT[2]

The translation is: "Horatio Greenough made this image as a great example of freedom, and will not survive without freedom itself."

History

George Washington (Photo, ca. 1899)
The U.S. Congress commissioned Greenough to create a statue of Washington for display in the U.S. Capitol rotunda. When the marble statue arrived in Washington, DC in 1841, however, it immediately generated controversy and criticism. Many found the sight of a half-naked Washington offensive, even comical. The statue was relocated to the east lawn of the Capitol in 1843. Disapproval continued and some joked that Washington was desperately reaching for his clothes,[3] then on exhibit at the Patent Office several blocks to the north. In 1908, the statue was brought back indoors when Congress transferred it to the Smithsonian Castle, where it remained until 1964. It was then moved to the new Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History). The marble statue has been exhibited on the second floor of the museum since that time.

Popular culture references

The demigod-like pose of Washington is portrayed in Dan Brown's best-selling novel The Lost Symbol (2009), in which the author describes a hypothesis according to which Washington and the other founding fathers decorated the national capital full of Freemason and other occult symbols. However, the pose was only associated with Freemasonry after the Taxil Hoax, which falsely linked Freemasonry to Satan worship. The Taxil Hoax was perpetrated in the 1890s, while the statue was made in 1840. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)

The New Calendar

The New Calendar

I just got done working on this new version of the New Calendar that has the Tarot attributions on it as well as the Old Calendar Dates.

The dates 3/5, 7/18, 8/1, 10/6 are written out as numbers

Morphianism / Morphianity

We've decided to go with both terms Morphianism and Morphianity to describe our new Religion.

Morphianity

After some round of Mathematics and looking closely at the word Morphianism, we've decided it would be best to change it to Morphianity due it's Mathematical implications.

Morphian = 100
Morphianity = 143

Morphian = 116
Morphianity = 154

Caesar's Comet: The Politics and Poetics of an Augustan Myth by Robert A. Gurval

I just got done reading one of the best books about Caesar's Comet. I really wanted to recommend this book, it is one of the best books I have ever read. I want to consider this an official religious text of the Temple of the Comet.

The book is called "Caesar's Comet: The Politics and Poetics of an Augustan Myth" by Robert A. Gurval

The best book I have read so far about "Caesar's Comet".

""The site where a comet was worshiped in Rome is the Temple of Divus Iulius, vowed by the joint edeavors of the Triumvirs in 42 B.C. but dedicated thirteen years later by the singular efforts of Octavian following his triumphal return to the city in August of 29." - Caesar's Comet by Robert A. Gurval

So you can see why it's called "Temple of the Comet" it's the "Temple of Julius Caesar".

Retaining Classic Thelemic Traditions

I was thinking a bit recently about the fact that this new Aeon III / Aeon of Hathor might come as a surprise to a lot of Thelemites. I figured I should mention that as a bit of advice that it would be safe to just keep practicing Thelema in it's purely Classic form as in retaining all of the old traditions and not doing anything new.

I'm just saying like for people that are in like Thelemic Cults and stuff like that.

Unless you want to change things a bit to go in hand with the New Aeon III / Aeon of Hathor.

Just saying since this New Aeon III is still a work in Progress.

Temple

A temple (from the Latin word templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites. A templum constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur.^[1] It has the same root as the word "template," a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur. Templa also became associated with the dwelling places of a god or gods. Despite the specific set of meanings associated with the religion of the ancient Rome, the word has now become quite widely used to describe a house of worship for any number of religions and is even used for time periods prior to the Romans. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple

Churches in Rome were actually called Temples.

Morphianity

http://morphianity.blogspot.com/

List of Comets Discovered by the LINEAR Project

The following is a list of comets discovered, co-discovered and re-discovered by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research project (LINEAR), an Earth-based automated sky survey.

In comet nomenclature, the letter before the "/" is either "C" (a non-periodic comet), "P" (a periodic comet), "D" (a comet which has been lost or has disintegrated), "X" (a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated — usually historical comets), or "A" for an object that was mistakenly identified as a comet, but is actually a minor planet. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Linear

Halley's Comet

Halley's Comet or Comet Halley (/ˈhæli/ or /ˈheɪli/), officially designated 1P/Halley,[2] is the best-known of the short-period comets and is visible from Earth every 75–76 years.[2][10] Halley is the only short-period comet that is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime.[11] Other naked-eye comets may be brighter and more spectacular, but will appear only once in thousands of years. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_comet

Venus the Comet

I was doing some research and I found that there are several scientific theories that mention that Venus was actually a comet that was ejected from Jupiter before it became a planet.

"Perhaps the strangest appearance of Venus in popular culture is as the harbinger of destruction in Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision (1950). In this intensely controversial book, Velikovsky argued that many seemingly unbelievable stories in the Old Testament are true recollections of times when Venus, which Velikovsky claimed had somehow been ejected from Jupiter as a comet, nearly collided with the Earth." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus

The Comet

Worship the Comet

Religion

I've decided to try and develop a new religion based on worship of the gods of The Metamorphoses. Thelema as you may know according to Crowley is not considered a religion.

I'm currently thinking of calling it one of the following:

Tranformationism, Metamorphisism, Caesarism, Caesaranity, Julianism, or Julianity

I was originally going to go with "Julianism" but I noticed there is already another philosophy that goes by that name based on some historical figure named Julian.

Something like the opposite of Christianity - Caesaranity? Caesarism? The term Caesaerism also already refers to the political system of Julius Caesar.

Still other considerations - Tiberianism, Tiberianity, Metamorphanity, Metamorphosesism

Worship of the Comet

Also I've mentioned on the blog that the blog's official version of The Metamorphoses is Anthony S. Kline's translation of the book, the original author of course is Publius Ovidius Naso / Ovid.

Train Us

"CASSIUS

The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores,
Caesar said to me 'Darest thou, Cassius, now
Leap in with me into this angry flood,
And swim to yonder point?' Upon the word,
Accoutred as I was, I plunged in
And bade him follow; so indeed he did.
The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews, throwing it aside
And stemming it with hearts of controversy;
But ere we could arrive the point proposed,
Caesar cried 'Help me, Cassius, or I sink!'
I, as Aeneas, our great ancestor,
Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder
The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber
Did I the tired Caesar. And this man
Is now become a god, and Cassius is
A wretched creature and must bend his body,
If Caesar carelessly but nod on him." - Julius Caesar, Shakespeare

This story, Cassius, recounts to, Brutus, in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, about, Gaius Caesar's challenge to race him down the Tiber river, I thought, was particularly interesting because of the fact that I could swear that I once almost experienced the exact same story in real life during adolescence.

It was on a cloudy day after school, we were studying Tarot Cards at a friend's house. I gave my opinion on the matters of reading Tarot and gave a short talk on what they're all about since my friends were somewhat unfamiliar with them.

After talking about the Tarot for a short time at this friend's house, we then decided for the rest of the day to take a walk down the neighborhood to simply enjoy the day, walk, and chat.

During our walk that day as we were walking, I spotted a moving train next to the road, and having remembered one of my friends once telling me you can always jump on the side of a moving train by jumping onto one of the sides of it and hold on to one of the bars, I told my buddies  "Hey let's try jumping on that train like we did last time, so it can take us for a short ride down the road and then we'll jump off." and so we did, we all hopped on the side of the train and rode it for a brief distance, we then jumped off, but as I landed I accidentally hurt my ankle. I had to limp a bit for the rest of the walk. I felt as if I had disappointed my friends for having suggested to them that we ride the train, and then hurt my ankle.

After having experienced this somewhat dramatic story of failure from telling my friends to jump on the train with me, I realized that if I were to be called, Tiberius Caesar, named after the Tiber River, the same river mentioned in, Gaius Caesar's story then considering this I should actually be called "Trainus" after my train story that was similar - Trainus Caesar.

Diary of a Drug Fiend - Julius Cmsar

I'm sorry I had to stray from the blog's current main topic, but I found this really strange tidbit of information I hadn't posted about yet which I thought might be interesting.

I was just looking through Aleister Crowley's "Diary of a Drug Fiend" which I hadn't read in a long time when I noticed that they make a reference to a "Julius Cmsar" in the book.

It sounds to me like what Lamus is trying to say is that "Julius Cmsar" would have found Peter's remark about the workshop humorous.

I couldn't help, but to notice that they spelled it "Cmsar" which sounds like "Seh-sar" the way my name is pronounced in Spanish "Hoo-lio Seh-sar" / "Julio Cesar".

"The events had been of an ordinary and insignificant
character, and yet he had given a value to each one.
He made life taste like it does when one is using heroin
and cocaine, yet he did it without actual extravagance.
I could understand how it was that he had his unique
reputation for leading a fantastic life, and yet how
no one could put a finger on any particular exploit as
extraordinary in itself.

I picked myself slowly together, and, after removing
a few thorns from my bare legs, was sufficiently master
of myself to say :-

" So this is the workshop ?"

" Once again, Sir Peter," replied Lamus, " your
intuition has proved itself infallible. And once again
your incomparable gift of expression has couched the
facts in a tersely epigrammatic form, which Julius Cmsar
and Martial might despair of editing."

He opened the door of the house, repeating his old
formula :-

" Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law." - Diary of a Drug Fiend

Greenwich Village - Aleister Crowley's Life in New York

As it turns out, as we were doing some research on this subject we noticed that Aleister Crowley had actually lived in Lower Manhattan, New York for some part of his life.

Aleister Crowley lived in West 9th Street, Greenwich Village, New York City, NY which is not very far off from the Twin Tower section, both are actually considered parts of Lower Manhattan, New York.

Lower Manhattan Skyline

This drawing by Crowley 

appeared in the "Dead Souls" exhibition held 

in Greenwich Village, New York in 1919

"Soon after moving from West 9th St. in Greenwich Village, New York City, to Palermo, Sicily, with their newborn daughter Anne Leah (nicknamed Poupée, born February 1920, died in a hospital in Palermo 14 October 1920), Crowley, along with Leah Hirsig, founded the Abbey of Thelema in Cefalù (Palermo) on 14 April 1920, the day the lease for the villa Santa Barbara was signed by Sir Alastor de Kerval (Crowley) and Contessa Lea Harcourt (Leah Hirsig). The Crowleys arrived in Cefalu on 1 April 1920." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley

A L A

If you look at the letters for the digits 1 9 1 using "The Key of it All" it spells out "ALA". 

The Key of it All

0.A = 1 The Fool

13.L = 9 Death

0.A = 1 The Fool

ALA

K X K

I was taking a look at one of the 9/11 conspiracy videos and I noticed that the two planes come in from opposite directions when they hit the towers, which reminded me of the this symbol the letters "K X K" make.

The Key of it All (Inverted)

12.K = 1 The Hanged Man
17.X = 9 The Star
12.K = 1 The Hanged Man

KXK

The Stele 718

http://sept11718.blogspot.com/

Area code 718

North American area code 718 is a New York City telephone area code (overlaid by area codes 347 and 917) in the boroughs of the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island, as well as the Marble Hill section of Manhattan.

At the time of its creation on September 1, 1984, the 718 code was assigned only to Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island; the Bronx and Marble Hill joined 718 in 1992. Manhattan cell phones may also use the 718 area code.

On December 16, 2009, the New York Public Service Commission approved an additional overlay of the 718/347 area code region.^[1][2] On January 22, 2010, NeuStar-NANPA issued a press release (through PR-NewsWire) that 929 is to be the new area code to further overlay the New York City 718 and 347 area codes of boroughs outside Manhattan.^[3] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_718

The Hanged Man

If you look closely you can notice a resemblance between The Hanged Man card and the 9/11 Memorial Waterfall's square shapes.









"The Thoth Tarot /ˌtoʊt ˈtæroʊ/ is a divinatory tarot deck painted by Lady Frieda Harris according to instructions from Aleister Crowley. Crowley referred to this deck as The Book of Thoth, and also wrote a book of that title intended for use with the deck.

Crowley originally intended the Thoth deck to be a six-month project aimed at updating the traditional pictorial symbolism of the tarot. However, the project was to span five years, between 1938 and 1943, as its scope grew ever wider. Crowley and Harris were meticulous in their work, and Harris painted some of the cards as many as eight times.The current edition of the U.S. Games Systems deck contains two prototypes of The Magus card as painted by Lady Harris, each making use of markedly different style and symbols. These were never intended to be a part of the deck proper but were completed by Lady Harris but rejected by Crowley. They are included as a bonus treat for aficionados of the deck. Neither Harris nor Crowley lived to see the deck published. The first full publication was by Ordo Templi Orientis in 1969, although this initial printing was seen by many to be of inferior quality, and in 1977 Harris' paintings were rephotographed for a second edition. A further update with new photography took place in 1986, while the current edition is based on a revision of this update which was first printed in 1996." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth_tarot_deck

The Holy Tablet

HVLYH = YHVH + L = 56

(Hebrew Qabbala)

HVLY - Holy

GOLD - Gold

SYLVHR - Silver

CRHVLY - Crowley

HVLYH - Julio

I just got done experimenting with the HVLYH Tablet where you can make out the words Gold, Silver, and Crowley.

ΘΘΘ

ΘΘΘ

HVLYH

"Then we came out into the Third (or Eighth, it depends which way you count them, because there are ten) House, and that was so splendid you can't imagine. In the first place it was a bright, bright, bright, orange colour, and then it had flashes of light all over it, going so fast we couldn't see them, and then there was the sound of the sea and one could look through into the deep, and there was the ocean raging beneath one's feet, and strong dolphins riding on it and crying aloud, "Holy! Holy! Holy!" in such an ecstasy you can't think, and rolling and playing for sheer joy." - The Wake World

"And the ring of the horizon above her is a company of glorious Archangels with joined hands, that stand and sing: This is the daughter of BABALON the Beautiful, that she hath borne unto the Father of All. And unto all hath she borne her.

This is the Daughter of the King. This is the Virgin of Eternity. This is she that the Holy One hath wrested from the Giant Time, and the prize of them that have overcome Space. This is she that is set upon the Throne of Understanding. Holy, Holy, Holy is her name, not to be spoken among men. For Kore they have called her, and Malkuth, and Betulah, and Persephone.

And the poets have feigned songs about her, and the prophets have spoken vain things, and the young men have dreamed vain dreams; but this is she, that immaculate, the name of whose name may not be spoken. Thought cannot pierce the glory that defendeth her, for thought is smitten dead before her presence. Memory is blank, and in the most ancient books of Magick are neither words to conjure her, nor adorations to praise her. Will bends like a reed in the temptests that sweep the borders of her kingdom, and imagination cannot figure so much as one petal of the lilies whereon she standeth in the lake of crystal, in the sea of glass." - The Call of the 9th Aethyr Called ZIP, Liber 418 The Vision and the Voice

God Hadit

         

                         

Tiberius Caesar

Julio Cesar

The Stele 718

http://sept11718.blogspot.com/

English - The Roman Latin Alphabet

"A Latin-derived alphabet is an alphabet that uses letters from the Latin script, which comprises the original Roman Latin alphabet and various extensions. Extension can be by adding diacritics to existing letters, joining multiple letters together to make ligatures, creating completely new forms, or assigning a special function to pairs or triplets of letters." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets

I was doing some meditating on The Key of it All and Julio Cesar the Emperor of Rome / Julio Cesar = God Hadit = 116, Ninety Three = Julio Martinez = 181, Julio Cesar = The Son of the Beast = 154 etc. when I started to remember that the entire English Alphabet was originally based on the Latin Alphabet which was devised in Rome.

I figured it must have been like clockwork as the English language periodically evolved from using the Roman Alphabet.

The Roman Emperor - God Hadit = Julio Cesar = 116 - The Key of it All

Futhark

The original alphabet used in Old English was called Futhark  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes

"Old English

The English language was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself, by Anglo-Saxon settlers. Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived, these being mostly short inscriptions or fragments.

The Latin script, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued in parallel for some time. Futhorc influenced the emerging English alphabet by providing it with the letters thorn (Þ þ) and wynn (Ƿ ƿ). The letter eth (Ð ð) was later devised as a modification of dee (D d), and finally yogh (Ȝ ȝ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular g in Old English and Irish, and used alongside their Carolingian g.

The a-e ligature ash (Æ æ) was adopted as a letter its own right, named after a futhorc rune æsc. In very early Old English the o-e ligature ethel (Œ œ) also appeared as a distinct letter, likewise named after a rune, œðel. Additionally, the v-v or u-u ligature double-u (W w) was in use.

In the year 1011, a writer named Byrhtferð ordered the Old English alphabet for numerological purposes.[2] He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet (including ampersand) first, then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note ond (⁊) an insular symbol for and:

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & ⁊ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ

Modern English

In the orthography of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (ȝ), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) are obsolete. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are not considered to be the same letters[citation needed] but rather ligatures, and in any case are somewhat old-fashioned. Thorn and eth were both replaced by th,[citation needed] though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form gradually becoming graphically indistinguishable from the minuscule y in most handwriting. Y for th can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms such as "Ye Olde Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day Icelandic and Faroese. Wynn disappeared from English around the fourteenth century when it was supplanted by uu, which ultimately developed into the modern w. Yogh disappeared around the fifteenth century and was typically replaced by gh.

The letters u and j, as distinct from v and i, were introduced in the 16th century, and w assumed the status of an independent letter, so that the English alphabet is now considered to consist of the following 26 letters:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

The variant lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century.

The ligatures æ and œ are still used in formal writing for certain words of Greek or Latin origin, such as encyclopædia and cœlom. Lack of awareness and technological limitations (such as their absence from the standard qwerty keyboard) have made it common to see these rendered as "ae" and "oe", respectively, in modern, non-academic usage. These ligatures are not used in American English, where a lone e has mostly supplanted both (for example, encyclopedia for encyclopædia, and fetus for fœtus)." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

Libertas - The Statue of Liberty - A Roman Goddess

The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886. The statue, a gift to the United States from the people of France, is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statue_of_Liberty

Libertas

The Statue of Liberty is a robed female figure representing the Roman Goddess Libertas.

Libertas (Latin for Liberty) was the Roman goddess and embodiment of liberty. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas

A Tribute To Julius Caesar

"Libertas (Latin fo In 46 BC, the Roman Senate voted to build and dedicate a shrine to Libertas in recognition of Julius Caesar, but no temple was built; instead, a small statue of the goddess stood in the Roman Forum.[1]" - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas

Galba Caesar's "Freedom of the People" Coins

"In addition, money throughout history has born the name or image of Libertas. Libertas was pictured on Galba's "Freedom of the People" coins during his short reign after the death of Nero.[3] The University of North Carolina records two instances of private banks in its state depicting Libertas on their banknotes;[4][5] Libertas is depicted on the 5, 10 and 20 Rappen denomination coins of Switzerland.

The Greek equivalent of the goddess Libertas is Eleutheria, the personification of liberty.r Liberty) was the Roman goddess and embodiment of liberty." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas